Kuhlanganisa Ugologo, ubhiya, iwayini, Ugologo nobunye utshwala obunotshwala obuhlukene.Utshwala benziwa ngokuvutshelwa, inqubo lapho imvubelo ihlephula khona ushukela ibe uketshezi oluphuzwayo olubizwa ngokuthi i-ethanol.
Okuqukethwe kwe-ethanol kuphakathi kuka-0.5% no-75.5%, futhi iqukethe imisoco ethile nezingxenye zokunambitheka.Kukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane ezinhlobo ezahlukene zewayini emhlabeni, futhi izinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni iwayini notshwala obusewayinini nazo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda kanye nenkumbulo, abantu bazihlukanisa ngezindlela ezahlukene.Uma iwayini lihlukaniswa ngokwezinto zokukhiqiza, lingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyisikhombisa: iwayini lokusanhlamvu, izinongo newayini le-herbal, iwayini lezithelo, ubisi newayini leqanda, iwayini le-serous lesitshalo, i-mead newayini elixutshwe.
Ngokwezinto ezingavuthiwe, iwayini elicwengekile langaphandle lingahlukaniswa libe ibrandy, iwhisky, ichivas kanye nerum.
1. I-Brandy: I-brandy iyiwayini elibilile, eligayiwe elenziwe ngesithelo.I-Brandy, njengoba yaziwa njalo, iwayini elenziwe ngamagilebhisi ngokuvutshelwa kanye nokufakwa kabusha.Nezinye izithelo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngendlela efanayo yokwenza iwayini, ngokuvamile phambi kwe-brandy negama lezinto zokusetshenziswa zesithelo ukuhlukanisa uhlobo lwayo.UBrandy uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umphefumulo wewayini”.Kunamazwe amaningi akhiqiza i-brandy emhlabeni, kodwa i-brandy ekhiqizwa eFrance iyaziwa kakhulu.
Imikhiqizo edumile ye-cognac ihlanganisa i-remy Martin, i-hennessy, i-camus kanye ne-royal deer hine.
I-Brandy, isuselwa egameni lesiDashi elithi Brandewijn, lisho “iwayini elishisiwe”.Ngomqondo ewumngcingo, libhekisela ukuvutshelwa kwamagilebhisi emva ziphuzo zazihluzwa futhi uthole izinga eliphezulu utshwala, bese oki isitoreji emgqonyeni newayini.I-Brandy iyiwayini elicwengekile, elinezithelo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, emva kokuvutshelwa, ukucwiliswa kwe-distillation, ukukhiqizwa kwesitoreji.Iwayini elicwengekile elinamagilebhisi njengezinto ezingavuthiwe libizwa nge-brandy yamagilebhisi, ngokuvamile kuthiwa i-brandy, ibhekisela ku-brandy wamagilebhisi.Kwezinye izithelo zokusetshenziswa ku-brandy, kufanele wengeze igama lesithelo, i-apula brandy, i-cherry brandy, kodwa ukuthandwa kwabo kuncane kakhulu kunokuqala okukhulu.
UBrandy uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umphefumulo wewayini”.Kunamazwe amaningi akhiqiza i-brandy emhlabeni, kodwa i-brandy ekhiqizwa eFrance iyaziwa kakhulu.Futhi ku-brandy we-homebreed yase-French, khiqiza endaweni ene-cognac ikakhulukazi enhle kakhulu, khiqiza endaweni elandelayo ye-arwen yi (yamanek).Ngaphandle kotshwala besiFulentshi, amanye amazwe akhiqiza iwayini, njengeSpain, Italy, Portugal, United States, Peru, Germany, South Africa, Greece namanye amazwe, nawo akhiqiza inqwaba yezitayela ezahlukene zebrandy.Amazwe e-Cis akhiqiza i-brandy, ikhwalithi nayo yinhle kakhulu.
· imvelaphi yomlando
IBrandy ingelinye lamawayini aphesheya.Iwayini elibizwa ngokuthi iwayini langaphandle empeleni lisho iwayini lasentshonalanga.I-Brandy igama lesiDashi elisho iwayini elishisiwe.Imikhumbi yamaDashi eyayithwele usawoti ogwini lwaseFrance ngekhulu le-13 yaletha amawayini asuka endaweni ye-cognac yaseFrance iye emazweni asemngceleni wolwandle olusenyakatho, lapho ayethandwa khona.Ngekhulu le-16, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwewayini kanye nohambo olude olwandle kwase kwenza iwayini laseFrance ladumala futhi lingadayiswa.Ngalesi sikhathi, abathengisi Dutch ohlakaniphile zisebenzisa lezi iwayini njengoba impahla eluhlaza, kusetshenzwe iwayini amagilebhisi, imimoya distilled enjalo ngeke konakalisa ngokuhamba ibanga elide hhayi kuphela, futhi ngenxa yokuhlushwa okusezingeni eliphezulu kwenza slash wezimpahla, amagilebhisi distillation iwayini yokuthengisa anda kancane kancane. , amaDashi e-sharan azobekwa yisifunda semishini yokugaya isithuthukisiwe kancane kancane, amaFulentshi aqala ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe be-distillation, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwawo njenge-distillation yesibili, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi amagilebhisi ewayini awanambala, lokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi i-distillation. imimoya yokuqala ye-brandy distilled.
Ngo-1701, iFrance yahileleka empini neSpain.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthengiswa kwamagilebhisi kwawa futhi amasheya amakhulu kwadingeka agcinwe emiphongolweni ye-oki.Ngemva kwempi, abantu bathola ukuthi i-brandy egcinwe emiphongolweni ye-oki iyamangalisa ngempela, i-mellow imnandi, inephunga elimnandi, umbala ucacile, igolide le-amber, ihloniphekile futhi inhle.Kuleli qophelo, kwakhiqiza i-prototype yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza u-brandy - ukuvutshelwa, ukuchithwa kwe-distillation, isitoreji, futhi kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-brandy.
I-Brandy yadabuka e-France, ngekhulu le-12 AD, ukukhiqizwa kwe-cognac kwewayini kuye kwathengiswa emazweni ase-Europe, imikhumbi yabadayisi bangaphandle ivame ukuza e-charende coastal port izothenga iwayini layo.Cishe maphakathi nekhulu le-16, ukwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwewayini kwamanye amazwe, ukunciphisa indawo yokuthuthwa kwemikhumbi futhi kudingwa inani elikhulu lentela yokukhokha ethunyelwa ngaphandle, kodwa futhi ukugwema ngenxa yokuthuthwa okude kwewayini eliwohlokayo, i-cognac. iwayini abathengisi edolobheni lewayini kwamanye amazwe ngemva kokuhlushwa ziphuzo zazihluzwa, bese amanzi embonini ukuthola buhlanjululwe ngesilinganiso ukudayiswa.Leli wayini elicwengekile laziwa ngokuthi yi-brandy yokuqala yaseFrance.Ngaleso sikhathi, amaDashi ayeyibiza ngokuthi “Brandewijn,” okusho ukuthi “Iwayini Elishisiwe.”
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, ezinye izifunda zaseFrance zaqala ukulandela indlela ye-cognac yokugaya iwayini, futhi nge-France kancane kancane yasakazeka kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu akhiqiza iwayini nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Ngo-1701, iFrance yayihileleke "empini yokulandelana kweSpanishi" futhi i-brandy yaseFrance nayo yavalwa.Abathengisi kwakudingeka bawugcine kahle ugologo ukuze bawenzele umcimbi.Basebenzisa idolobha le-oki elicebile nge-cognac ukwenza imiphongolo ye-oki, i-brandy egcinwe emiphongolweni yokhuni.Ekupheleni kwempi ngo-1704, abenzi bewayini bamangala lapho bethola ukuthi ugologo ongenambala wawusuphenduke waba umbala omuhle wenhlaka.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, inqubo yokuguga emgqonyeni we-oki, i-cognac isibe inqubo ebalulekile yokukhiqiza.Lolu hlobo lwenqubo yokukhiqiza, nalo lwasakazekela emhlabeni ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngemva kuka-1887, iFrance yashintsha ukupakishwa kotshwala obuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kusuka emabhokisini okhuni kuya kumabhokisi okhuni namabhodlela.Ngokuthuthuka kokupakishwa komkhiqizo, amanani entengo ye-cognac nawo anyukile, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokuthengiswa.Ngokwezibalo, ukuthengiswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-cognac sekufinyelele kuma-franc ayizigidi ezingama-300.
2. I-Whisky: I-whisky isiphuzo esidakayo esenziwe ngokusanhlamvu kuphela.Utshwala obugayiwe.Imvamisa isetshenziswa njengotshwala obuyisisekelo bokuxutshwa, phakathi kwawo ama-whiskeys adume kakhulu futhi amele ama-scotch whiskeys, ama-whiskeys ase-Ireland, ama-whiskeys aseMelika kanye nama-whiskeys aseCanada.
Imikhiqizo ye-whisky edumile ihlanganisa i-Jim beam, i-four rose, ihhashi elimhlophe, i-wild Turkey, i-cutty sark, i-maker mar no-johnnie walker.
· imvelaphi yomlando
Kusukela ngo-2014, imvelaphi ye-whisky ayaziwa, kodwa kuqinisekile ukuthi i-whisky ikhiqizwa eScotland iminyaka engaphezu kwe-500 futhi ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yawo wonke ama-whiskeys.
Ngokusho kwe-Scotch Whisky Association, i-Scotch Whisky yavela esiphuzweni esibizwa ngokuthi i-Uisge Beatha, okusho ukuthi "amanzi okuphila."
I-Scotch whiskey ngekhulu le-15, njengomuthi obandayo.
Ekhulwini le-11, izindela zase-Ireland zafika eScotland zizosakaza iVangeli, ziphethe i-distillation ye-scotch whisky.
Ngo-1780 kwakukhona izitsha ezingokomthetho eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zokugaya ezingekho emthethweni ezingaphezu kuka-400 zabo bonke osayizi.Kwadingeka banqamule ukuze bayenze, nedumela le-scotch whiskey laliba libi kakhulu.
Ngo-1823, iphalamende laseBrithani lamisa uMthetho Wokukhokhiswa Kwentela ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yentela elula yama-distillers asemthethweni kuyilapho ngamandla “icindezela” ama-distillers angekho emthethweni, okwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-scotch whiskey.
Ngo-1831, ikholomu yayisethulwa eScotland, eyayingase igaywe ngokuqhubekayo, ikhulise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-distillation, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise intengo ye-whisky futhi iyenze idume kakhulu.
3. I-Chivas: i-chivas eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke iyi-whisky ehlonishwa kakhulu ye-premium scotch.Kuyinhlanganisela ye-whisky, iyi-whisky ehamba phambili - ethambile futhi ethambile, isitayela esiyingqayizivele, esivelele.Ngesitayela sayo esicebile, esiyingqayizivele nomlando omude weminyaka engaphezu kuka-200, i-chivas isiphenduke i-whisky ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Imikhiqizo edumile ye-chivas ihlanganisa i-vodka vodka, uhlobo olubomvu lwaseSoviet i-stolichnaya, i-finlandia, i-absolute absolute eSweden, ihansi elimpunga e-France, i-snow tree beveldere, i-Dutch van gogh ne-New Zealand ngaphansi kuka-42 degrees 42 ngezansi.
I-Chivas chivas, eyasungulwa ngo-1801 e-Aberdeen, eScotland, ingumkhiqizi wokuqala emhlabeni wama-whiskeys ahlanganisiwe futhi esungula inhlanganisela ephindwe kathathu yama-whiskeys.Abasunguli kwakunguJames noJohn chivas.
Baziwa njengomsunguli "wokuzalwa kwengelosi", abafowabo uJames chivas noJohn chivas chivas baba ngabokuqala ukwakha i-chivas chivas, uphawu olumelela iwhisky epholile, eyingqayizivele futhi evelele.I-Chivas chivas 18 - i-whisky yeminyaka isekelwe kumasiko e-chivas chivas.Ukuze kuboniswe ikhwalithi yayo emangalisayo, ibhodlela ngalinye le-chivas chivas ye-scotch whisky yeminyaka engu-18 linesiginesha ka-Colin Scott ngegolide, okuwubufakazi be-scotch whisky ecebile, ehloniphekile nenhle.
I-Chivas regal iyi-whisky ehlonishwa kakhulu ye-scotch emhlabeni.Inkampani ye-chivas regal yasungulwa e-Aberdeen, eScotland ngo-1801 ngabazalwane uJames noJohn chivas regal.
· imvelaphi yomlando
I-Chivas regal, ummeleli we-whisky ehlanganisiwe, inobudlelwane obuseduze nomndeni wasebukhosini waseBrithani.Kuhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho izelamani ezimbili, uJames “chivas” kanye no-“John” chivas, bephethe isitolo segrosa edolobheni eliphithizelayo lase-Aberdeen ogwini lwaseScotland olusenyakatho-mpumalanga.Bathola ubuciko bokuhlanganisa ama-flavour amaningana ewayini kanye nemfihlo yokugcina iwayini emiphongolweni ye-oki.Ekwindla ka-1842, indlovukazi uVictoria yavakashela okokuqala eScotland futhi yathanda indawo yayo enhle kanye ne-whisky.
Owokugcina ochungechungeni lwe-chivas, "i-royal salute 21 whisky", yenziwa ngokukhethekile ngo-1953 ukugubha ukugcotshwa kwendlovukazi u-Elizabeth ii.Igama lisuselwa esikweni lasendulo lombutho wasolwandle wasebukhosini udubula isibingelelo sezibhamu ezingama-21 ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu.Ukuqina kwendelelo yasebukhosini kubonakala ekukhethweni kanzima kwemiphongolo ye-oki yotshwala.Okokuqala, kufanele ibe namandla ngokwanele ukuze ihlale isikhathi eside.Okwesibili, kufanele ukuthi yayihlala i-sherry yaseSpain noma i-bourbon yaseMelika.Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iwayini liguga okungenani iminyaka engu-21, futhi ukungcola kwewayini kuthathwe umoya ohlanzekile ngomoya we-oki, kuyilapho i-whisky ibuye ibambe iphunga le-oki.
Ngemva kweminyaka engu-21, utshwala sehlisiwe baba ngamaphesenti angu-60 kuphela okuqukethwe kwabo kwasekuqaleni, futhi inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezithako iyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe indesheni yasebukhosini ecebile neyinkimbinkimbi.Uma usaqala nge-whisky futhi ufuna okuthile okulula ukukujwayela, i-CHIVAS REGEL isohlwini nakanjani.Le whiskey eneminyaka engu-12 - ubudala ehlanganisiwe inobuntu obuthambile kanye nokuthungwa okubushelelezi.I-Whisky ngaphandle kokwazi nge-CHIVAS REGEL nomenzi wayo i-CHIVAS BROTHERS LTD ifana nokuphuza iwayini lesizwe ngaphandle kokwazi nge-motai.Umsunguli we-CHIVAS u-James CHIVAS waqala ukwenza i-whisky yakhe yokuqala ehlanganisiwe, i-ROYAL GLEN DEE, ngo-1841, ngempumelelo enkulu.Ngo-1843, indlovukazi uVictoria yamnika isihloko esithi “Purveyor of Grocery to Her Majesty.”Ngokulula okusho ukuthi "umphakeli wasebukhosini," abazalwane uJames noJohn Chivas basungula ngokusemthethweni iChivas BROTHER ngo-1857. Eminye yemikhiqizo edume kakhulu, efana neRoyalStrathythan neLoch Nevis, yaqala ukukhiqiza ngalesi sikhathi.Cishe kwase kuyiminyaka eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu le-19 lapho i-CHIVASBROTHER yaqala khona ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo wabo odume kakhulu: CHIVAS REGAL.
4. I-Rum: i-distilled spirit eyenziwe nge-molasses yomoba, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-rum, i-rum, noma i-rum.Isuka eCuba, imnandi futhi inephunga elimnandi olwangeni
I-Rum, i-molasses yomoba njengempahla yokukhiqiza iwayini elicwengekile, eyaziwa nangokuthi ushukela, i-rum, i-rum.Isuka eCuba, imnandi futhi inephunga elimnandi olwangeni.I-Rum ijusi elibilile, elikhiqiziwe elenziwe ngomoba.Ngokwezinto ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa nezindlela zokukhiqiza, i-rum ingahlukaniswa ibe: iwayini elimhlophe le-rum, iwayini elidala le-rum, i-rum elula, i-rum ngokuvamile, i-rum eqinile njalonjalo, equkethe utshwala 38% kuya ku-50%, i-amber yotshwala, insundu, kodwa futhi. engenambala.
· imvelaphi yomlando
Umsuka we-rum useRiphabhulikhi yaseCuba.I-Rum iyiwayini lendabuko laseCuba, i-republic yaseCuba rum yenziwa yinkosi njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zikashukela womoba owenziwe ngomoba emiphongolweni ye-oki emhlophe, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuphisa ngokucophelela, okuholela ekunambithekeni okuyingqayizivele, okungenakuqhathaniswa. , futhi kanjalo abe isiphuzo intandokazi cuban.I-Rum iwumkhiqizo wemvelo owenziwe ngomoba.Yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza kusukela ekukhethweni ngokucophelela kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa okulandelayo kwe-alcohol distillation, ukuguga kotshwala bomoba, kungukulawula okuqinile kakhulu.Izinga le-rum lincike eminyakeni yewayini, ukusuka onyakeni owodwa kuya emashumini ambalwa eminyaka.Izinguqulo ezintathu - neminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngokuvamile ezithengiswa emakethe, zinotshwala obungu-38 ° no-40 °, ngokulandelana, futhi zikhiqizwa ngaphandle kotshwala obunzima ukuze kugcinwe iphunga elimnandi.Umlando we-Cuban rum uyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando weRiphabhulikhi yaseCuba.
UColumbus wafika eCuba ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili oluya eMelika.Waletha izimpande zomoba eziqhingini zase-canary.Obekungalindelekile ukuthi izimpande zathatha indawo yegolide elalifike esiqhingini, abomdabu ababelibiza ngokuthi iCipango.
Endabeni yokukhumbula uPapa Ferdinand noPapa Isabella, othile wabhala: “Umoba onqunyiwe utshalwa emhlabathini ngamunye ngamunye futhi ukhule ube ucezu olukhulu.”Isimo sezulu saseCuba: inhlabathi ecebile, amanzi, nokukhanya kwelanga kwavumela izitshalo ezisanda kutshalwa ukuba zikhule eduze kwamakhosi aseNdiya, kanye nomoba ukuthi ukhule esiqhingini.
Amathuluzi okuqala amaNdiya ayewasebenzisa ekwenzeni ijusi yomoba ayebizwa ngokuthi La Cunyaya.Kwabe sekufika izigayo zikashukela ezinikezwa izilwane (amahhashi nezinkomo), kwase kuba izigayo zikashukela nezinye izinto ezisebenza ngamandla amakhulu asebenza ngamanzi, futhi ekugcineni izigayo zikashukela zesimanje.Abasebenzi bokuqala bathathelwa indawo yizigqila ezimnyama ezilethwe e-Afrika futhi zaba isici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imboni kashukela eRiphabhulikhi yaseCuba.Ngo-1539, emyalweni ka-King carlos v, kwavela imikhiqizo ethile yemboni kashukela, njengoshukela omhlophe, ushukela ongahluziwe, ushukela omsulwa, ushukela ocolisisiwe, i-scum, i-scum ecwengiwe, i-sucrose paddle, uju lwe-sucrose, njll.
Isithunywa sevangeli esingumFulentshi uJean Baptiste Labat 1663-1738 sabona “abantu bomdabu, ama-negro nedlanzana lezakhamuzi zalesi siqhingi zisesimweni sabo sokungabi nalutho, benza isiphuzo esibabayo nesinamandla ngesiphuzo sikamoba.Ngemva kokuphuza kungenza abantu bajabule futhi kungaqeda ukukhathala.Lesi siphuzo senziwa ngokuvutshelwa.AbaseYurophu bayazi le ndlela kusukela ngekhulu le-18.Ngemva kwezigebengu, abahwebi beza eCuba.Omunye wabo, uFrancis.UDrake waziwa kakhulu ngokubiza isiphuzo esidumile esisekelwe kumoba shaoxing nge-Draque.
Abantu baseCuba bathe utshwala bomoba, benziwa ngotshwala obuvutshelwe ngejusi yomoba, e-Antilles, Colombia, Honduras naseMexico benza i-shochu, benziwa ngomoba kamoba ngokuvutshelwa, umehluko wukuthi i-republic of Cuba rum clear transparent, ne- iphunga elimnandi, i-Cuban rum iyisici senqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ngo-1791, iCuba yalawula ukuthunyelwa kukashukela eYurophu ngemuva kwezibhelu zezigqila zaseHaiti zacekela phansi izigayo zikashukela.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, lapho kwethulwa injini ye-steam, amasimu kamoba kanye ne-rum factory yanda eRiphabhulikhi yaseCuba, eCuba ngo-1837 yabeka ujantshi wesitimela, ukwethulwa kochungechunge lobuchwepheshe obuphambili, kukhona okuhlobene ne ubuchwepheshe bokuphisa, i-colonial yaseSpain yanquma ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ngamandla imboni kashukela ye-republic of Cuba yavumela ukuthunyelwa kwe-republic of sugar.
Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha kwashintsha inqubo yokukhiqiza.I-Cuba ikhiqiza i-rum enotshwala obuncane - iramu elicolekileyo, elithambile elinokunambitheka okude, okuhlala isikhathi eside.Ukuphuza i-rum sekuyingxenye yempilo yansuku zonke eCuba.Abakhiqizi abakhulu yi-Havana, i-cardenas, i-cienfuegos ne-Santiago DE Cuba.I-Mulata, i-San Carlos, i-Bocoy, i-Matusalen, i-Havana club, i-Arechavala kanye ne-Bacardi bandise umkhiqizo ngokumangazayo ngemva kokuba osomabhizinisi baseCuba beshintshe amawayini enziwe ngezandla bafaka ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba.
Kusukela ngo-1966 kuya ku-1967, konke ukuthunyelwa kwe-rum kusuka e-Cuba kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kufakwe ilebula yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-provenance ukukhombisa izinga eliphezulu nobuqiniso be-rum.Kunezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zale rum, njengentombazane exubile, iSantero… Njalo njalo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-09-2019