Izazi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zinemibono ehlukene ngemvelaphi yengilazi eChina.Enye inkolelo-mbono yokuzidala, kanti enye inkolelo-mbono yangaphandle.Ngokomehluko phakathi kokwakhiwa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi evela eNtshonalanga Zhou Dynasty eyavubukulwa eShayina nalabo abasentshonalanga, futhi kucatshangelwa izimo ezivumayo zokuncibilika kwempahla yobumba yasekuqaleni neyethusi ngaleso sikhathi, inkolelo-mbono yokuzithiba. Indalo ibamba ukuthi ingilazi yaseShayina yavela kucwecwe lokuqala lwe-porcelain, nomlotha wezitshalo njenge-flux, futhi ukwakheka kwengilazi kuwuhlelo lwe-alkali calcium silicate, Okuqukethwe kwe-potassium oxide kuphakeme kunesodium oxide, ehlukile kulokho iBhabhiloni lasendulo neGibhithe.Kamuva, i-lead oxide evela ekwenzeni ithusi ne-alchemy yafakwa engilazini ukuze yakhe ukwakheka okukhethekile kwe-lead barium silicate.Konke lokhu kukhomba ukuthi iChina kungenzeka yenze ingilazi yodwa.Omunye umbono wukuthi ingilazi yaseShayina yasendulo yanikezwa ivela eNtshonalanga.Kudingeka olunye uphenyo nokuthuthukiswa kobufakazi.
Kusukela ngo-1660 BC kuya ku-1046 BC, ubuchwepheshe bakudala bokuncibilikisa i-porcelain kanye ne-bronze buvele ekupheleni koMbuso wakwaShang.Izinga lokushisa lokudubula le-porcelain yakudala kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuncibilikisa lethusi lalingaba ngu-1000C.Lolu hlobo lweziko lungasetshenziselwa ukulungisa isihlabathi esicwebezelayo nesihlabathi sengilazi.Maphakathi ne-Western Zhou Dynasty, ubuhlalu besihlabathi obucwebezelisiwe namashubhu kwenziwa njengokulingisa i-jade.
Ubuningi bobuhlalu besihlabathi obucwebezelisiwe obenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nesikhathi sasekwindla babungaphezu kwalokho obuseWestern Zhou Dynasty, kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe nalo lathuthukiswa.Obunye ubuhlalu besihlabathi obucwebezelisiwe kakade babungokwesihlabathi sengilazi.Ngesikhathi se-Waring States, imikhiqizo yokuqala yengilazi yayingenziwa.Izingcezu ezintathu zengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwembulwa ecaleni lenkemba likaFu Chai, inkosi yaseWu (495-473 BC), kanye nezingcezu ezimbili zengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olukhanyayo ezavubukulwa ecaleni lenkemba likaGou Jian, inkosi yaseYue (496-464 BC), inkosi yaseChu, esifundazweni saseHubei, ingasetshenziswa njengobufakazi.Izingcezu ezimbili zengilazi ecaleni lenkemba likaGou Jian zenziwa abantu baseChu phakathi nenkathi ye-Waring States ngokuthulula indlela;Ingilazi yecala lenkemba le-Fucha inokukhanyela okuphezulu futhi yakhiwe nge-calcium silicate.Ama-ion ethusi akwenza kube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Yenziwa nangenkathi ye-Waring States.
Ngawo-1970, kwatholakala ubuhlalu bengilazi obuhuqwe ngengilazi ye-soda lime (i-Dragonfly eye) ethuneni lika-Fucha, inkosi yase-Wu esifundazweni sase-Henan.Ukwakheka, ukuma kanye nokuhlobisa ingilazi kufana naleyo yemikhiqizo yengilazi yaseWestern Asia.Izazi zasekhaya zikholelwa ukuthi yethulwa ivela eNtshonalanga.Ngenxa yokuthi i-Wu ne-Yue kwakuyizindawo ezingasogwini ngaleso sikhathi, ingilazi yayingangeniswa eShayina ngolwandle.Ngokusho kwengilazi yokulingisa i-jade Bi eyavubukulwa kwamanye amathuna amancane naphakathi nendawo e-Waring States period kanye ne-pingminji, kubonakala ukuthi iningi lengilazi lalisetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni se-jade ware ngaleso sikhathi, okwakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa imboni yokukhiqiza ingilazi esifundazweni saseChu.Okungenani kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesihlabathi esicwebezelayo esivubukulwe emathuneni akwa-Chu e-Changsha nase-Jiangling, afana nesihlabathi esicwebezelayo esatholwa emathuneni aseWestern Zhou.Zingahlukaniswa ngesistimu ye-siok2o, i-SiO2 - Cao) - isistimu ye-Na2O, i-SiO2 - uhlelo lwe-PbO Bao kanye nesistimu ye-SiO2 - PbO - Bao - Na2O.Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokwenza ingilazi yabantu be-Chu buthuthukiswe ngesisekelo se-Western Zhou Dynasty.Okokuqala, isebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokubunjwa, njenge-lead barium glass composition system, ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi lolu wuhlelo lokwakheka kwesici eChina.Okwesibili, endleleni yokwenza ingilazi, ngaphezu kwendlela yokugaya i-core, iphinde yathuthukisa indlela yokubumba kusukela ekubunjweni kobumba okwenziwe ngethusi, ukuze kwenziwe udonga lwengilazi, ikhanda lenkemba yengilazi, ukuvelela kwenkemba yengilazi, ipuleti lengilazi, namacici engilazi. njalo njalo.
Esikhathini seBronze yezwe lethu, indlela yokukhipha i-dewaxing yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-bronzes.Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukwenza imikhiqizo yengilazi enezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi.Isilo esiyingilazi esavubukulwa ethuneni leNkosi uChu e-beidongshan, eXuzhou, sibonisa lokhu okungenzeka.
Kusukela ekubunjweni kwengilazi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo ye-jade yokulingisa, singabona ukuthi i-Chu yadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wokukhiqiza ingilazi yasendulo.
Isikhathi esisuka ekhulwini lesi-3 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-6 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu uBukhosi BamaHan BaseNtshonalanga, Ubukhosi BamaHan BaseMpumalanga, Ubukhosi Be-Wei Jin kanye Nobukhosi Baseningizimu NabaseNyakatho.Izinkomishi zengilazi ezicwebezelayo eziluhlaza okotshani kanye nezindebe zezindlebe zengilazi ezatholwa esiFundazweni sase-Hebei ekuqaleni koBukhosi Base-Western Han (cishe ngo-113 BC) zakhiwe ngokubumba.Izibuko, izilo zengilazi nezingcezwana zezingilazi ezivela ethuneni lenkosi yase-Chu e-Western Han Dynasty (128 BC) zavubukulwa e-Xuzhou, esifundazweni sase-Jiangsu.Ingilazi iluhlaza futhi yenziwe ngengilazi ye-lead barium.Inombala nge-copper oxide.Ingilazi i-opaque ngenxa ye-crystallization.
Abavubukuli bathola imikhonto yengilazi nezingubo zengilazi ze-jade emathuneni amaphakathi noMbuso Wasentshonalanga Han wakamuva.Ubuningi bomkhonto wengilazi okhanyayo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo buphansi kunalowo wengilazi ye-lead barium, efana naleyo yengilazi ye-soda lime, ngakho-ke kufanele ibe ngohlelo lokuqamba ingilazi ye-soda.Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi yethulwa ivela entshonalanga, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo isimo sayo sifana nomkhonto wethusi owatholwa kwezinye izindawo zaseShayina.Abanye ochwepheshe emlandweni wengilazi bacabanga ukuthi ingenziwa eChina.Amaphilisi e-Glass Yuyi enziwe ngengilazi ye-barium eholayo, ashintshashintshayo, futhi abunjiwe.
I-Western Han Dynasty iphinde yenza udonga lwengilazi lokusanhlamvu olukhanyayo oluyi-1.9kg olumnyama no-9.5cm ngosayizi × Zombili ziyingilazi ye-lead barium silicate.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwenziwa kwezingilazi oBukhosini bakwa-Han kwathuthuka kancane kancane kusuka emihlobiso kuya emikhiqizweni engokoqobo efana nengilazi eyisicaba, futhi kwase kufakwe ezakhiweni ukuze kukhanyiswe emini.
Izazi zaseJapane zabika ngemikhiqizo yengilazi yokuqala eyatholwa eKyushu, eJapane.Ukwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo yengilazi ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana nalokho kwemikhiqizo yengilazi ye-barium eholayo yesifunda sase-Chu enkathini Yamazwe Alwayo kanye nasekuqaleni koBukhosi Base-Western Han;Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ze-isotope eziholayo zobuhlalu bengilazi eshubhu ezavubukulwa eJapane ziyefana nalezo ezavubukulwa e-China phakathi Nobukhosi Bakwa-Han nangaphambi Kobukhosi Bakwa-Han.Ingilazi ye-barium eholayo iyisistimu yokuqamba eyingqayizivele e-China yasendulo, engafakazela ukuthi lezi zibuko zathunyelwa zisuka e-China.Abavubukuli baseShayina nabaseJapane baphinde baveza ukuthi iJapane yenza imihlobiso yengilazi ye-gouyu kanye ne-glass tube enezici zesiJapane ngokusebenzisa amabhulokhi engilazi namashubhu engilazi athunyelwa evela e-China, okubonisa ukuthi kwakukhona ukuhweba ngezingilazi phakathi kweChina neJapane eNkathini YaseHan.I-China yathumela imikhiqizo yengilazi e-Japan kanye namashubhu ezingilazi, amabhulokhi engilazi neminye imikhiqizo engaseqediwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-22-2021