Yanayin ci gaban gilashi

Dangane da matakin ci gaban tarihi, ana iya raba gilashin zuwa tsohon gilashi, gilashin gargajiya, sabon gilashi da kuma gilashin marigayi.

(1) A tarihi, gilashin da aka yi da da, yawanci yana nufin zamanin bauta. A tarihin kasar Sin, gilashin da aka yi da da, ya haɗa da al'ummar feudal. Saboda haka, gilashin da aka yi da da, gabaɗaya yana nufin gilashin da aka yi a Daular Qing. Duk da cewa ana kwaikwayonsa a yau, ana iya kiransa gilashin da aka yi da da, wanda a zahiri gilashin da aka yi da da, na jabu ne.

(2) Gilashin gargajiya wani nau'in kayan gilashi ne da kayayyaki, kamar gilashin lebur, gilashin kwalba, gilashin kayan aiki, gilashin fasaha da gilashin ado, waɗanda ake samarwa ta hanyar narkewar supercooling tare da ma'adanai na halitta da duwatsu a matsayin manyan kayan masarufi.

(3) Sabon gilashi, wanda aka fi sani da sabon gilashin aiki da gilashin aiki na musamman, wani nau'in gilashi ne wanda a bayyane yake ya bambanta da gilashin gargajiya a cikin abun da ke ciki, shirya kayan aiki, sarrafawa, aiki da aikace-aikace, kuma yana da takamaiman ayyuka kamar haske, wutar lantarki, maganadisu, zafi, sunadarai da biochemistry. Kayan aiki ne mai fasaha mai zurfi tare da nau'ikan iri da yawa, ƙananan sikelin samarwa da haɓakawa cikin sauri, Kamar gilashin ajiya na gani, gilashin jagorar raƙuman ruwa mai girma uku, gilashin ƙone ramukan iska da sauransu.

(4) Yana da wuya a bayar da takamaiman ma'anar gilashin da za a yi nan gaba. Ya kamata ya zama gilashin da za a iya haɓaka a nan gaba bisa ga jagorancin ci gaban kimiyya ko hasashen ka'ida.

Ko da gilashin da ya gabata, gilashin gargajiya, sabon gilashi ko gilashin gaba, duk suna da nasu kamanceceniya da kuma keɓancewa. Duk da haka, halayen mutum suna canzawa da lokaci, wato, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ma'ana da faɗaɗawa a cikin lokaci daban-daban: misali, sabon gilashi a ƙarni na 20 zai zama gilashin gargajiya a ƙarni na 21; Wani misali kuma shi ne cewa yumbun gilashi sabon nau'in gilashi ne a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, amma yanzu ya zama kayan gini da kayan gini da aka samar da yawa; A halin yanzu, gilashin photonic sabon abu ne mai amfani don bincike da samarwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru, yana iya zama gilashin gargajiya da ake amfani da shi sosai. Daga mahangar ci gaban gilashi, yana da alaƙa da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki a wancan lokacin. Kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban tattalin arziki ne kawai za su iya haɓaka gilashi. Bayan kafa sabuwar ƙasar Sin, musamman tun bayan gyare-gyare da buɗewa, ƙarfin samarwa na ƙasar Sin da matakin fasaha na gilashin lebur, gilashin yau da kullun, zaren gilashi da zaren gani sun kasance a sahun gaba a duniya.

Ci gaban gilashi yana da alaƙa da buƙatun al'umma, wanda zai haɓaka ci gaban gilashi. Gilashi galibi ana amfani da shi azaman kwantena, kuma kwantena gilashi suna da babban ɓangare na fitowar gilashi. Duk da haka, a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin, fasahar kera kayan yumbu ta bunƙasa sosai, ingancin ya fi kyau, kuma amfani da shi ya kasance mai sauƙi. Ba kasafai ake buƙatar ƙirƙirar kwantena gilashi da ba a saba gani ba, don haka gilashin ya kasance cikin kayan ado da fasaha na kwaikwayo, wanda hakan ke shafar ci gaban gilashi gabaɗaya; Duk da haka, a yamma, mutane suna sha'awar kayan gilashi masu haske, kayan giya da sauran kwantena, wanda ke haɓaka ci gaban kwantena gilashi. A lokaci guda, a lokacin amfani da gilashi don yin kayan aikin gani da kayan aikin sinadarai a yamma don haɓaka ci gaban kimiyyar gwaji, kera gilashin China yana cikin matakin "kamar jade" kuma yana da wuya a shiga fadar kimiyya.

Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, buƙatar yawan gilashin da nau'ikansa yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma inganci, aminci da farashin gilashin suna ƙara daraja. Bukatar makamashi, kayan halitta da muhalli don gilashi yana ƙara zama da gaggawa. Ana buƙatar gilashi ya kasance yana da ayyuka da yawa, ya rage dogaro da albarkatu da makamashi, da kuma rage gurɓataccen muhalli da lalacewa.

Bisa ga ƙa'idodin da ke sama, dole ne a bi ƙa'idar ci gaban kimiyya, kuma ci gaban kore da tattalin arzikin ƙarancin carbon koyaushe su ne alkiblar ci gaban gilashi. Duk da cewa buƙatun ci gaban kore sun bambanta a matakai daban-daban na tarihi, yanayin gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne. Kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu, an yi amfani da itace a matsayin mai a samar da gilashi. An sare dazuzzuka kuma an lalata muhalli; A ƙarni na 17, Birtaniya ta hana amfani da itace, don haka an yi amfani da murhun wutar lantarki mai amfani da kwal. A ƙarni na 19, an gabatar da murhun tanki mai sake samar da wutar lantarki; An ƙirƙiri murhun wutar lantarki mai narkewa a ƙarni na 20; A ƙarni na 21, akwai yanayin narkewar da ba ta gargajiya ba, wato, maimakon amfani da murhun gargajiya da murhun wuta, ana amfani da narkewar murhun wuta mai amfani da wutar lantarki, narkewar ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, tsaftacewar murhun wuta da narkewar plasma mai ƙarfi. Daga cikinsu, an gwada narkewar murhun lantarki, tsaftacewar murhun wuta da narkewar plasma a samarwa.

Ana yin narkewar mai ta hanyar amfani da tsarin dumamawa kafin a fara amfani da shi a cikin ƙarni na 20, wanda zai iya adana kashi 6.5% na man fetur. A shekara ta 2004, kamfanin Owens Illinois ya gudanar da gwajin samarwa. Yawan amfani da makamashin hanyar narkewa ta gargajiya shine 7.5mj/kga, yayin da na hanyar narkewar mai ta kasance 5mu/KGA, wanda ya ceci kashi 33.3%.

Dangane da fayyace injin, an samar da shi a cikin tanki mai matsakaicin girma 20 t / D, wanda zai iya rage yawan amfani da makamashin narkewa da fayyace shi da kusan kashi 30%. Dangane da fayyace injin, an kafa tsarin narkewar ƙarni na gaba (NGMS).

A shekarar 1994, Burtaniya ta fara amfani da plasma don gwajin narkewar gilashi. A shekarar 2003, ƙungiyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Masana'antar Gilashi ta Amurka ta gudanar da gwajin gilashin E mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙaramin tankin murhu, wanda ya adana fiye da kashi 40% na makamashi. Sabuwar hukumar haɓaka fasahar masana'antar makamashi ta Japan ta kuma shirya Asahi Nitko da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tokyo don haɗa gwiwa wajen kafa tukunyar gwaji ta 1 T/D. Ana narke gilashin a lokacin tashi ta hanyar dumama plasma ta hanyar rediyo. Lokacin narkewar yana ɗaukar awanni 2 zuwa 3 kawai, kuma cikakken amfani da makamashin gilashin da aka gama shine 5.75 MJ / kg.

A shekarar 2008, Xunzi ta gudanar da gwajin fadada gilashin soda mai lita 100, lokacin narkewar ya ragu zuwa kashi 1/10 na asali, yawan amfani da makamashi ya ragu da kashi 50%, a'a, gurɓataccen iska ya ragu da kashi 50%. Hukumar ci gaba ta sabuwar masana'antar makamashi ta Japan (NEDO) ta shirya amfani da injin gwajin gilashin soda mai lita 1 don yin amfani da shi, narkewar da ke cikin jirgin sama tare da tsarin tsaftace injin, kuma tana shirin rage yawan amfani da makamashin narkewa zuwa gilashin 3767kj / kg a shekarar 2012.