Zvinoenderana nedanho rekusimudzira renhoroondo, girazi rinogona kukamurwa kuita girazi rekare, girazi rechinyakare, girazi idzva uye remangwana girazi.
(1) Munhoroondo yemagirazi ekare, nguva dzekare dzinowanzoreva nguva yeuranda.Munhoroondo yeChina, nguva dzekare dzinosanganisirawo nzanga yeShiji.Naizvozvo, girazi rekare rinowanzo reva girazi rakagadzirwa muQing Dynasty.Kunyangwe iri kuteedzerwawo nhasi, inogona kungodaidzwa kuti girazi rekare rakatyoka, iro riri fake regirazi rekare.
2) Girazi rechinyakare imhando yezvigadzirwa zvegirazi uye zvigadzirwa, senge girazi regirazi, girazi rebhodhoro, girazi remudziyo, girazi reunyanzvi uye girazi rekushongedza, izvo zvinogadzirwa nekunyungudutsa supercooling nzira nemaminerari echisikigo uye dombo sechinhu chikuru chemidziyo.
(3) Girazi idzva, rinozivikanwawo segirazi rinoshanda uye rakakosha girazi rinoshanda, rinoreva girazi rine mamwe mabasa akadai sechiedza, magetsi, magineti, kupisa, chemistry uye biochemistry, izvo zviri pachena kuti zvakasiyana negirazi rechinyakare mukuumbwa, mbishi zvinhu. kugadzirira, kugadzirisa, kuita uye kushandisa.Iyo yakakwirira-tekinoroji yakadzika zvinhu ine akawanda marudzi, diki yekugadzira chiyero uye nekukurumidza kusimudzira, Senge optical yekuchengetedza girazi, matatu-dimensional waveguide girazi, spectral gomba rinopisa girazi uye zvichingodaro.
(4) Zvakaoma kupa tsanangudzo chaiyo yeramangwana regirazi.Inofanira kunge iri girazi rinogona kuvandudzwa mune ramangwana maererano nehutungamiri hwekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi kana kufungidzira kwekufungidzira.Hazvina mhosva girazi rekare, girazi rechinyakare, girazi idzva kana remangwana girazi, zvese zvine kuwirirana kwavo uye humwe.Iwo ese ari amorphous solids ane girazi shanduko tembiricha maitiro.Zvisinei, unhu hunochinja nekufamba kwenguva, ndiko kuti, kune kusiyana kwemabasa emukati nekunze munguva dzakasiyana-siyana: somuenzaniso, girasi idzva muzana remakore rechi20 richava girazi rekare muzana remakore rechi21;Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekuti girazi diki raive rudzi rutsva rwegirazi mu1950s uye 1960s, asi ikozvino yave yakawanda-yakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa uye zvekuvaka;Saizvozvo, photonic girazi chinhu chitsva chinoshanda chekutsvaga uye kugadzirwa kwekuyedza.Mumakore mashoma, inogona kunge yakashandiswa zvakanyanya girazi rechinyakare.
Kubva pakuona kwekugadzirwa kwegirazi, yakanyatsobatana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi hwevanhu panguva iyoyo.Chete nekugadzikana kwevanhu uye hupfumi hwehupfumi hunogona kukura girazi.Mushure mekuvambwa kweChina nyowani, kunyanya kubva pakuvandudzwa nekuvhurwa, kubuda kweChina kwegirazi rakatsetseka, girazi remazuva ese, girazi faibha uye girazi remaziso zvakatora pekutanga pasirese.Pakazopera 2008, nhamba yekutaurirana optical cable mitsara yakasvika 6.76 miriyoni km, uye iyo optical yekugadzira kugona uye tekinoroji level yaive pamberi penyika.
Kuvandudzwa kwegirazi kunoenderanawo zvakanyanya nezvido zvevanhu, izvo zvinosimudzira kukura kwegirazi.Girazi ragara richinyanya kushandiswa semidziyo, uye midziyo yegirazi inoverengera chikamu chikuru chekubuda kwegirazi.Nekudaro, muChina yekare, tekinoroji yekugadzira yeceramic ware yakagadziridzwa, mhando yaive nani, uye kushandiswa kwaive nyore.Zvakanga zvisingawanzodikanwa kugadzira midziyo yegirazi isina kujairika, kuitira kuti girazi rirambe riri mukutevedzera zvishongo uye hunyanzvi, zvichikanganisa kukura kwegirazi;Kumadokero, zvisinei, vanhu vanoda kwazvo magirazi egirazi, seti dzewaini uye zvimwe midziyo, izvo zvinosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yegirazi.Panguva imwecheteyo, munguva yekushandisa girazi kugadzira zviridzwa zvemaziso uye makemikari zviridzwa kumadokero kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwesainzi yekuedza, kugadzira magirazi ekuChina kuri padanho re "kutevedzera jade", saka zvakaoma kupinda mumuzinda. yesainzi.
Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, kudiwa kwehuwandu uye kwakasiyana girazi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, uye mhando, kuvimbika uye mutengo wegirazi zvinobhadharwa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kutariswa.Iko kudiwa kwesimba, biological uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvegirazi zvinowedzera uye zvakanyanya incisive.Girazi rinodiwa kuti rive nemabasa akawanda, mashoma zviwanikwa uye simba, uye kushoma kusvibiswa uye kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza, Green development uye yakaderera kabhoni hupfumi inogara iri nzira yekusimudzira yeindasitiri yegirazi.Kunyangwe zvinodikanwa zvegirinhi kukura zvakasiyana mumatanho enhoroondo akasiyana, kutungamira kwakafanana.Pamberi peshanduko yeindasitiri, kugadzirwa kwedu kwegirazi kwakashandisa huni sehuni, masango akatemwa, uye zvakatipoteredza zvakaparadzwa: muzana ramakore rechi17, Britain yakarambidza kushandiswa kwechinhu ichi, saka honi dzakapiswa nemarasha dzakashandiswa.Muzana remakore rechi19, dziva regenerator rakatangwa;muzana remakore rechi20, kunyunguduka kwemagetsi kwakagadzirwa;muzana remakore rechi21, kunyunguduka kusiri kwechinyakare kwakashandiswa, ndiko kuti, panzvimbo yechinyakare dziva uye crucible, module kunyunguduka, immersion combustion kunyunguduka, vacuum wet kuchenesa, high-energy plasma kunyunguduka, etc. Pakati pavo, modular kunyunguduka, vacuum kujekesa uye kunyungudika kweplasma kwakaedzwa mukugadzirwa.Modular kunyungudika kunobva pane preheating batch process isati yasvika zana ramakore rechi20, iyo inogona kuchengetedza 6.5% yemafuta.Muna 2004, kambani yeOwens Illinois yekuUnited States yakaita bvunzo yekugadzira, uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwechinyakare kunyungudika nzira ndeye 7-5 w / KS.A, nepo kushandiswa kwesimba kwe modular kunyunguduka kuri 5 mu / kgam, Iko kushandiswa kwesimba kunogona kuponeswa ne333%.Kana iri vacuum kujekeswa, yakagadzirwa mu20td yepakati-saizi tangi yakapfuma, iyo inogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba ne30%.Pachikonzero chekujekesa kwevacuum, chizvarwa chinotevera chakanyunguduka system (NGMS) ne-high-speed kunyunguduka, homogenization uye kusagadzikana kusina kunaka kwakasimbiswa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-11-2021