Kukula kwa Magalasi

Malingana ndi siteji yachitukuko cha mbiri yakale, galasi likhoza kugawidwa mu galasi lakale, galasi lachikhalidwe, galasi latsopano ndi galasi lamtsogolo.

(1) M’mbiri ya magalasi akale, nthaŵi zamakedzana nthaŵi zambiri amanena za nthaŵi ya ukapolo.M'mbiri ya China, nthawi zakale zimaphatikizansopo gulu la Shijian.Chifukwa chake, galasi lakale nthawi zambiri limatanthawuza galasi lopangidwa mu Qing Dynasty.Ngakhale ikutsanziridwanso masiku ano, imatha kutchedwa galasi lachikale losweka, lomwe kwenikweni ndi bodza la galasi lakale.

2) Galasi yachikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa zida zamagalasi ndi zinthu, monga galasi lathyathyathya, galasi la botolo, galasi lachidebe, galasi lajambula ndi galasi lokongoletsera, lomwe limapangidwa ndi njira yosungunula yosungunuka ndi mchere wachilengedwe ndi miyala ngati zipangizo zazikulu.

(3) Galasi yatsopano, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti galasi logwira ntchito komanso galasi lapadera logwira ntchito, limatanthawuza galasi lokhala ndi ntchito zina monga kuwala, magetsi, maginito, kutentha, chemistry ndi biochemistry, zomwe mwachiwonekere zimasiyana ndi galasi lachikhalidwe popanga, zopangira. kukonzekera, kukonza, kugwira ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.Ndizinthu zamakono zamakono zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, kupanga kakang'ono kakang'ono ndikukweza mofulumira, monga galasi yosungirako kuwala, galasi loyang'ana katatu, galasi loyaka moto ndi zina zotero.

(4) Ndizovuta kupereka tanthauzo lenileni la galasi lamtsogolo.Ayenera kukhala galasi lomwe lingathe kupangidwa mtsogolo molingana ndi chitsogozo cha chitukuko cha sayansi kapena kulosera kwachidziwitso.Ziribe kanthu magalasi akale, galasi lachikhalidwe, galasi latsopano kapena galasi lamtsogolo, zonse zimakhala ndi zofanana komanso zosiyana.Onse ndi zolimba amorphous ndi galasi kusintha kutentha makhalidwe.Komabe, umunthu umasintha ndi nthawi, ndiko kuti, pali kusiyana kwa ntchito zamkati ndi zakunja mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, galasi latsopano m'zaka za zana la 20 lidzakhala galasi lachikhalidwe m'zaka za zana la 21;Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti galasi yaying'ono inali mtundu watsopano wa galasi m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, koma tsopano yasanduka katundu wopangidwa ndi anthu ambiri ndi zomangira;Mofananamo, galasi la photonic ndi chinthu chatsopano chothandizira kufufuza ndi kupanga mayesero.M'zaka zingapo, ikhoza kukhala galasi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko cha galasi, zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale ndi zachuma za anthu panthawiyo.Pokhapokha ndi kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chitukuko cha zachuma kungathe kukhala ndi galasi.Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China yatsopano, makamaka kuyambira kukonzanso ndi kutsegula, kutulutsa kwa galasi lathyathyathya ku China, galasi latsiku ndi tsiku, galasi la galasi ndi galasi la kuwala kwakhala koyambirira padziko lonse lapansi.Pofika kumapeto kwa 2008, kuchuluka kwa mizere yolumikizirana yolumikizirana idafika pa 6.76 miliyoni Km, ndipo mphamvu yopanga mawonekedwe ndi luso laukadaulo zinali patsogolo pa dziko lapansi.

Kukula kwa galasi kumagwirizananso kwambiri ndi zosowa za anthu, zomwe zidzalimbikitse chitukuko cha galasi.Galasi nthawi zonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotengera, ndipo zotengera zamagalasi zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakutulutsa kwagalasi.Komabe, ku China wakale, ukadaulo wopangira zida za ceramic zidapangidwa, mtundu wake unali wabwinoko, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kunali kosavuta.Sizinali zofunikira kuti mukhale ndi zida zamagalasi osadziwika, kotero kuti galasi linakhalabe muzodzikongoletsera ndi luso, motero zimakhudza kukula kwa galasi;Kumadzulo, komabe, anthu amakonda kwambiri magalasi owonekera, mavinyo ndi zotengera zina, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupanga magalasi.Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu nthawi ya ntchito galasi kupanga kuwala zida ndi zida mankhwala kumadzulo kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha experimental sayansi, China galasi kupanga ndi mu siteji ya "kutsanzira yade", kotero n'zovuta kulowa m'nyumba yachifumu. wa sayansi.

Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kufunikira kwa kuchuluka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi kukukulirakulira, ndipo mtundu, kudalirika ndi mtengo wagalasi zimaperekedwanso chidwi kwambiri.Kufunika kwa mphamvu, zamoyo komanso zachilengedwe zamagalasi kukuchulukirachulukira.Galasi imayenera kukhala ndi ntchito zambiri, zinthu zochepa komanso mphamvu, komanso kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuwononga chilengedwe, chitukuko cha Green ndi chuma chochepa cha carbon nthawi zonse chimakhala chitsogozo cha makampani a galasi.Ngakhale kuti zofunikira za chitukuko chobiriwira ndizosiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mbiriyakale, njira zambiri ndizofanana.Kusintha kwa mafakitale kusanachitike, kupanga magalasi athu kumagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni monga nkhuni, nkhalango zinadulidwa, ndipo chilengedwe chinawonongeka: m'zaka za m'ma 1700, Britain inaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi, kotero kuti ng'anjo zoyaka moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.M'zaka za zana la 19, dziwe la regenerator linayambitsidwa;m'zaka za zana la 20, kusungunuka kwa magetsi kunayambika;m'zaka za zana la 21, kusungunula kosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, m'malo mwa dziwe lachikhalidwe ndi crucible, kusungunuka kwa module, kusungunula kwamoto, kusungunuka konyowa, kusungunula konyowa, kusungunuka kwamphamvu kwa plasma, etc. Kusungunuka kwa mtengo wa plasma kwayesedwa pakupanga.Kusungunuka kwamagetsi kumatengera njira yotenthetsera isanakwane zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zimatha kupulumutsa 6.5% yamafuta.Mu 2004, kampani ya Owens Illinois ya ku United States inayesa kupanga, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa njira yachikhalidwe yosungunuka ndi 7-5 w / KS.A, pamene mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito modular kusungunuka ndi 5 mu / kgam, Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumatha kupulumutsidwa ndi 333%.Ponena za kumveka kwa vacuum, idapangidwa mu thanki yolemera ya 20td, yomwe imatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pafupifupi 30%.Pamaziko a kumveka kwa vacuum, mbadwo wotsatira wosungunuka (NGMS) wothamanga kwambiri, homogenization ndi kupanikizika koipa kwakhazikitsidwa.