ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke aniani Kina

He ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo o ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ka home a ma waho i ke kumu o ke aniani ma Kina.ʻO kekahi ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā ia iho, a ʻo kekahi ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka haole.Wahi a nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka haku mele a me ka hana ʻenehana o ke aniani mai ka Western Zhou Dynasty i ʻike ʻia ma Kina a me ka poʻe ma ke komohana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka porcelain kumu a me nā mea keleawe i kēlā manawa, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka pono. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke aniani ma Kina mai ka porcelain glaze mua, me ka lehu mea kanu e like me ka flux, a ʻo ke aniani ʻano he alkali calcium silicate system, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea o ka potassium oxide ma mua o ka sodium oxide, ʻokoʻa ia mai ka Babulona kahiko a me ʻAigupita.Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kēpau oxide mai ka hana keleawe a me ka alchemy i loko o ke aniani e hana i kahi haku mele kūikawā o ka barium silicate.Hōʻike kēia mau mea a pau paha ua hana ʻo Kina i ke aniani wale nō.ʻO kekahi manaʻo ʻo ke aniani Kina kahiko i hāʻawi ʻia mai ke Komohana.Pono ka hoʻokolokolo hou a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻike.

Mai ka makahiki 1660 BC a hiki i ka makahiki 1046 BC, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe keleawe a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe keleawe i ka wā kahiko o Shang Dynasty.He 1000C ka mahana puhi o ka porcelain primitive a me ke keleawe hooheheeia.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano kiln no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke one aniani a me ke one aniani.Ma ka waena o ka Western Zhou Dynasty, ua hana ʻia nā peʻa one a me nā paipu e like me ka jade.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā peʻa one aniani i hana ʻia i ka wā puna a me ka wā Autumn ma mua o ka Western Zhou Dynasty, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pae ʻenehana.No ke one aniani kekahi mau peʻa one aniani.Ma ka wā Warring States, hiki ke hana ʻia nā huahana mua o ke aniani.ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana aniani polū i ʻeli ʻia ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Fu Chai, ke aliʻi o Wu (495-473 BC), a ʻelua ʻāpana aniani uliuli māmā i ʻeli ʻia ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Gou Jian, ke aliʻi o Yue (496-464 BC), ke aliʻi o Chu, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hubei, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hōʻike.ʻO nā ʻāpana aniani ʻelua ma ka pahu pahi kaua a Gou Jian i hana ʻia e ka poʻe Chu ma waena o ka wā Kauaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka ninini ʻana;ʻO ke aniani ma ka pahu pahi kaua Fucha he kiʻekiʻe ke aniani a ua haku ʻia me ka silicate calcium.ʻO nā iona keleawe he uliuli.Ua hana ʻia nō hoʻi i ka wā kaua.

I ka makahiki 1970, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻeke aniani i hoʻokomo ʻia me ke aniani lime soda (Dragonfly eye) ma ka hale kupapaʻu o ka lede Fucha, ke aliʻi o Wu ma ka ʻāina ʻo Henan.ʻO ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me ka hoʻonani ʻana o ke aniani e like me nā huahana aniani o Western Asian.Manaʻo ka poʻe naʻauao o ka ʻāina ua hoʻokomo ʻia mai ke Komohana mai.No ka mea ʻo Wu a me Yue nā wahi kahakai i kēlā manawa, hiki ke lawe ʻia ke aniani i Kina ma ke kai.Wahi a ke aniani hoʻohālike jade Bi unearthed mai kekahi mau halekupapaʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi i ka wā kaua a me ka pingminji, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o ke aniani i hoʻohana ʻia e pani i ka jade ware i kēlā manawa, i hāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana aniani ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chu.Aia ma kahi o ʻelua mau ʻano one aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā lua kupapaʻu ʻo Chu ma Changsha a me Jiangling, he ʻano like me ke one aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā lua kupapaʻu o Western Zhou.Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻōnaehana siok2o, SiO2 - Cao) - ʻōnaehana Na2O, SiO2 - PbO Bao ʻōnaehana a me SiO2 - PbO - Bao - Na2O ʻōnaehana.Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana hana aniani a Chu ma ke kumu o ka Western Zhou Dynasty.ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻohana ia i nā ʻōnaehana haku mele like ʻole, e like me ke alakaʻi barium aniani ʻōnaehana haku mele, manaʻo kekahi poʻe loea he ʻōnaehana haku mele kēia ma Kina.ʻO ka lua, ma ke ʻano hana aniani, ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano sintering kumu, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe mai ka lepo lepo i hoʻolei ʻia e ke keleawe, i mea e hana ai i ka paia aniani, ke poʻo o ka pahi kaua, ke kaulana o ka pahi kaua, ka pā aniani, nā apo pepeiao. a laila.

I ka makahiki Bronze o ko mākou ʻāina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe dewaxing e hana i nā keleawe.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana e hana i nā huahana aniani me nā ʻano paʻakikī.ʻO ka holoholona aniani i ʻike ʻia mai ka hale kupapaʻu o King Chu ma beidongshan, Xuzhou, e hōʻike ana i kēia hiki.

Mai ka haku ʻana i ke aniani, ka ʻenehana hana a me ka maikaʻi o nā huahana jade hoʻohālikelike, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike he hana koʻikoʻi ʻo Chu i ka mōʻaukala o ka hana aniani kahiko.

ʻO ka manawa mai ke kenekulia 3 BC a hiki i ke kenekulia 6 BC ʻo ia ka Western Han Dynasty, ka Hikina Han Dynasty, ka Wei Jin a me ka ʻaoʻao hema a me Northern Dynasties.ʻO nā kīʻaha aniani translucent ʻōmaʻomaʻo emerald a me nā kīʻaha pepeiao aniani i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hebei i ka wā kahiko o ka Western Han Dynasty (ma kahi o 113 BC) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kālai ʻia.Ua ʻike ʻia nā aniani, nā holoholona aniani a me nā ʻāpana aniani mai ka hale kupapaʻu o ke aliʻi o Chu i ka Western Han Dynasty (128 BC) ma Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province.He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke aniani a hana ʻia me ke aniani barium kēpau.Ua waihoʻoluʻu me ka keleawe oxide.He opaque ke aniani ma muli o ka crystallization.

Ua ʻike nā kānaka kālaihonua i nā ihe aniani a me nā lole jade aniani mai nā hale kupapaʻu o ka waena a me ka hope o Western Han Dynasty.ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ihe aniani aniani ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma mua o ke aniani barium alakaʻi, e like me ke aniani lime soda, no laila pono ia i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokumu ʻana i ka soda lime aniani.Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua hoʻokomo ʻia mai ke komohana mai, akā ua like kona ʻano me ka ihe keleawe i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Kina.Manaʻo kekahi poʻe akamai i ka mōʻaukala aniani e hana ʻia ma Kina.Hana ʻia nā papa aniani Yuyi me ke aniani barium alakaʻi, translucent, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

Ua hana pū ka Western Han Dynasty he 1.9kg uliuli ʻeleʻele translucent grain pā aniani a me 9.5cm ka nui × ʻelua ʻelua he aniani barium silicate alakaʻi.Hōʻike kēia i ka ulu ʻana o ka hana aniani i ka Han Dynasty mai nā mea hoʻonaninani a hiki i nā huahana kūpono e like me ke aniani pālahalaha, a ua kau ʻia ma nā hale no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ke ao.

Ua hōʻike ka poʻe loea Iapana i nā huahana aniani mua i ʻeli ʻia ma Kyushu, Iapana.ʻO ke ʻano o nā huahana aniani ke ʻano like me nā huahana aniani barium alakaʻi o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Chu i ka wā kaua a me ka Western Western Han Dynasty;Eia kekahi, ʻo nā lakio isotope alakaʻi o nā pahu aniani tubular i ʻeli ʻia ma Iapana, ua like ia me nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma Kina i ka wā Han a ma mua o ka Han Dynasty.ʻO ke aniani alakaʻi barium kahi ʻōnaehana haku mele ma Kina kahiko, hiki ke hōʻoia i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia mau aniani mai Kina.Ua kuhikuhi pū nā kānaka kālaihonua Pākē a me Iapana ua hana ʻo Iapana i nā aniani gouyu a me nā mea hoʻonani aniani me nā hiʻohiʻona Iapana ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka aniani a me nā paipu aniani i lawe ʻia mai Kina, e hōʻike ana aia kahi kālepa aniani ma waena o Kina a me Iapana i ka mōʻī Han.Ua lawe aku ʻo Kina i nā huahana aniani i Iapana a me nā paipu aniani, nā poloka aniani a me nā huahana semi-finished.